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China: 1. General description of why an area is selected There are seven key national valleys in China including Huaihe River, Liaohe River, Haihe River, Songhuajiang River, Yellow River, Pearl River and Yangtze River Valleys. The major type of water pollution in China is organic with chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammomia nitrogen as the main pollutant parameters. Water pollution in those rivers passing through large and medium-sized cities is comparatively more serious, and some sections are so polluted that they can not be used domestically, agriculturally or industrially, which restrains economic development. The grade percentage water quality or the overall river valleys in 2001 is shown in Fig.1. The statistic results in the National Environmental Quality Report of 2001 show that pollution in Liaohe River and Haihe River valley was the most serious than that in the other valleys. Several serious water pollution accidents have occurred in the recent years, negatively affecting social security and human health. Figure 1: Water quality distribution in percentage of the seven key national valleys in 2001 
2. Specific description of the location Liaohe River Valleys Liaohe River is located in the southwest part of northeast China. Its mainstream rises in Hebei province, passes through Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Jilin province, Liaoning Province, and empties into Bohai Sea. The total valley consists of two water systems. One is East and West Liaohe River, and the other is Hun River and Taizi River. As the longest river in the south of northeast, the overall length of the river is 1,390km. The total valley area covers 3.452~105km2. The average runoff is 4.86~1010m3/a. The average amount of water resource per person is 20% of China's average. It is one of areas that suffer from the shortage of water resources. The valley mainly consists of Liaohe River (joint by East Liaohe River and West Liaohe River), Hun River, Taizi River, Yulu River, Tumen River and Daling River, Dayang River, which are in coastal areas of Liaoning province (Figure 7). Today the Liaohe River is seriously polluted. That makes the problem of water shortage even severer. The problem is more serious in cities such as Shenyang and Anshan where groundwater has been overexploited. Two groundwater funnels of about 250km2 have been formed in the area. Supplementary polluted water flows into the groundwater contaminating it. According to the Report of National Environment Quality of 2001, among the 97 monitoring sections in the Lioahe River Valley, the percentage of grade II, grade III, grade IV, grade V and V plus was 2.1, 6.2, 19.6, 12.4 and 59.7%. Hun River, Taizi River, Daliaohe River, Liaohe River in Liaoning Territory of the Liaohe River Valley were seriously polluted. Water qualities at the level of Grade V and V plus occupied more than 70% (Fig.2). The major pollution indicators were permanganate index, BOD and ammonia nitrogen, etc. Figure 2 Water quality distributions in percentage in Liaohe River valleys in 2001  Haihe River Valleys The Haihe River Valley is located in North China, comprising the Haihe River and Luanhe River system. The Haihe River system mainly consists of Zhangwei River, Ziya River, Daqing River, Yongding River, Chao Hubai River, North Canal, Ji Canal, as well as some plain drain flooded river course such as Douhai River, Majia River. Luanhe River system consists of Luanhe River and other rivers in east Hebei province (Fig. 8). The Haihe River valley is 3.19~105km2 large, covering most areas of Hebei Province, northeast Shanxi Province, Shandong province, north Henan province, some small parts of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region as well as Beijing and Tianjin. Its average runoff is 2.92~1010m3/a and most of them are concentrated from July to October (about 70%). The average amount of water resource per person is 10.5% of the national average, and is a region that has the most acute conflict between supply and demand of water resource in the whole country. Because of the increasing utilization of surface water in the region, the down flow of the river is sharply decreased, combined with the increasing pollutants discharged by cities and industries, the average ratio of wastewater discharge capacity to runoff of rivers has reached 0.12. Many parts of the water body are heavily polluted. According to the statistics included in the 2001 Report of National Environment Quality, the river water in this region was seriously polluted and water quality was quite poor on the whole. The water quality in more than 74.9% of the monitored river sections was Grade V or worse (Fig. 3). The major pollution indicators were ammonia nitrogen, oil, permanganate index and volatile phenols. Water with better quality was mainly distributed in Luanhe River Valley, Chaobai River Valley, Daqing River Valley, Yongding River, Hutuo River and the upper Zhang River. Most polluted rivers were Haihe River, Majiahe River, Weihe River, Nan Yuan River and Hubai River branches. Fig.3 Water quality distribution in percentage in Haihe River valleys in 2001  Coastal ares The main water qualities in Chinese coastal marine area were grade II and IV plus account for 28.0% and 34.5%, respectively (Fig.4 and Fig.9) in 2001. In four sea areas, grade plus IV water quality accounted for 52.0% in the East China Sea area, 38.5% in Bohai Sea area, 26.4% in Yellow Sea area and 19.1% in South China Sea area. Water qualities along South Sea and Yellow Sea were stable and relatively good. Comparing with 2000, Bohai Sea and East Sea were getting worse in 2001. The pollutants in most offshore sea water are mainly from inland discharge, especially from urban domestic sewage of coastal cities. Furthermore, offshore oil production, leaks of oil carriers and discharges to seas are also the main pollutant sources. Figure 4 Grade percentage water qualities in overall offshore marine, 2001  3. Geographic coordinates of the sampling locations Twenty sites are selected for the UNU project (Figure 5). Only water samples will be collected.
4. Sampling plan Water samples will be collected in summer and at the beginning of winter each year. In 2002, the first sample collection will be carried out at the end of September. For the reasons of heavy pollutions in Liaohe River and Haihe River Valleys and offshore area of Bohai Sea, water sampling will be focused on Liaohe River and Haihe Valleys and estuaries to Bohai Sea during July 2002 to March 2005. Sampling sites will be selected in the main streams and main branches in Liaohe River Valley including Liaohe River, Hunhe River, and Haihe River Valley including Yunding River, Haihe River, Ziya River, Chaobai River and Chaobai New River, etc. The sampling sites in estuaries to Bohai Sea will be Liaohe River Estuary, Shuangtaizi River Estuary and Bohai Bay. 5. Country and specific area of maps Figure 6 Sampling sites in 2002  Figure 7 Liaohe River Valley  Figure 8 Haihe River valleys  Figure 9 Sea water qualities in overall marine in 2001  |
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